b.1992-d.1996. NuKernel was the microkernel heart of the new Mac OS (Copland/Maxwell/OS 8): a microkernel-based, multiple-server design.

NuKernel was designed to support: pre-emptive multitasking; synchronization primatives, large, sparse address spaces; memory-mapped files; demand-paged VM; protected memory; and an object-based message system. All other services would be provided by servers running above NuKernel.

A primary design criterion was very low-latency interrupt overhead for doing audio and video.

Other notable microkernels in and around Apple: the Vanguard microkernel, Pink, the WorkPlaceOS microkernel, “Chrysalis”, OSF/Mach (used in MkLinux), NewtonOS kernel, and of course xnu, the modified Mach 3.0 kernel used in OS X.